Yeow, Andrew T. H. and Hayyan, Adeeb and Junaidi, Mohd Usman Mohd and Salleh, M. Zulhaziman M. and Alanazi, Yousef Mohammed and Saleh, Jehad and Hashim, Mohd Ali and Sen Gupta, Bhaskar (2024) Development of novel API-based deep eutectic solvents for esterification of high free fatty acid. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 140. pp. 298-310. ISSN 1226-086X, DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2024.05.049.
Full text not available from this repository.Abstract
Low-value feedstocks containing high free fatty acid (FFA) content are incompatible with direct alkali-catalysed transesterification, and require a deacidification step through esterification to reduce its FFA level. Herein, innovative acid catalysts were developed based on deep eutectic solvents (DESs) to pretreat low-quality palm oil (12.43 % FFA). DESs were formed using Br & oslash;nsted acids (5-sulfosalicylic acid and benzenesulfonic acid) and an active pharmaceutical ingredient (paracetamol) at a 3:1 molar ratio. The DESs were characterized using ATR-FTIR and Hammett acidity function (H0). DES catalyst dosage, methanol requirement, reaction time and temperature parameters were optimized, and its recyclability was evaluated. The FFA contents were reduced to below the limit of < 2 % using acidic DESs at optimized conditions. Reaction kinetics revealed that DES-catalysed reactions followed the pseudo first order rate of reaction and required the lowest activation energy of 40.91 kJ/mol. Through the Eyring-Polanyi thermodynamic study, the DES-catalysed esterification reactions were endothermic (Delta H degrees > 0), non-spontaneous (Delta S degrees < 0 and Delta G degrees > 0) and endergonic. COSMO-RS computational calculations reveal the viable formation of the DESs based on its moieties, and supports the good solubility of the DESs in methanol. This study demonstrates the feasible valorisation of low-value feedstocks using innovative catalysts in enabling biodiesel production.
| Item Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| Funders: | Universiti Malaya, RU Geran-Fakulti program (GPF015A-2023), King Saud University (RSP2024R511) |
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | 5-sulfosalicylic acid; Paracetamol; Benzenesulfonic acid; Eutectic mixtures; Esterification |
| Subjects: | T Technology > TP Chemical technology |
| Divisions: | Faculty of Engineering Faculty of Engineering > Department of Chemical Engineering |
| Depositing User: | Ms. Juhaida Abd Rahim |
| Date Deposited: | 18 Feb 2025 01:57 |
| Last Modified: | 18 Feb 2025 01:57 |
| URI: | http://eprints.um.edu.my/id/eprint/47387 |
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