Ali, Labeeb and Alam, Ayesha and Ali, Abdul Majeed and Teoh, Wey Yang and Altarawneh, Mohammednoor (2024) A comprehensive review into emission sources, formation mechanisms, ecological effects, and biotransformation routes of halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HPAHs). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 286. ISSN 0147-6513, DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.117196.
Full text not available from this repository.Abstract
Halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HPAHs, H = F, Cl, Br) are a new class of PAHs derivatives that mainly originate from the incomplete combustion of halogen-laden materials and via metallurgical operations. These compounds circulate extensively in various environmental matrices. This survey provides a comprehensive review on governing synthesis routes of HPAHs, their environmental occurrence, and their health and ecological effects. The review comprehensively enlists and presents emission sources of these emerging organic pollutants into the air that serves as their main reservoir. The formation of HPAHs ensues through successive addition reactions of related precursors accompanied by ring cyclization steps; in addition to direct unimolecular fragmentation of parents halogenated. Halogenation of parent PAHs rapidly occurs in saline ecosystems, thus multiplying the availability of these notorious compounds in the environment. Certain HPAHs appear to be more carcinogenic than dioxins. Transmission routes of HPAHs from their emission sources to water bodies, soil, aquatic life, plants, terrestrial animals, and humans are well-documented. Later, the direct and indirect diffusion of HPAHs from air to the biotic (plants, animals, humans) and abiotic components (soil, water, sediments) are described in detail. The study concludes that HPAHs are permeable to the carbon matrices resulting in the alleviation of the source-to-sink interface. As a potential future perspective, understanding the transmission interfaces lays a foundation to intervene in the introduction of these toxicants into the food chain.
| Item Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| Funders: | United Arab Emirates University [Grant No: 12R174] |
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | HPAHs; Formation; Toxicity; Environment; Transmission interfaces |
| Subjects: | G Geography. Anthropology. Recreation > GE Environmental Sciences |
| Divisions: | Faculty of Engineering > Department of Chemical Engineering |
| Depositing User: | Ms. Juhaida Abd Rahim |
| Date Deposited: | 03 Nov 2025 08:25 |
| Last Modified: | 03 Nov 2025 08:25 |
| URI: | http://eprints.um.edu.my/id/eprint/46351 |
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