Zulkifli, Nurul Athirah Syafiqah Mohamad and Ng, Kelvin and Ang, Bee Chin and Muhamad, Farina (2025) Fabrication of water-stable soy protein isolate (SPI)/ carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) scaffold sourced from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) for bone tissue engineering. Industrial Crops and Products, 224. p. 120325. ISSN 0926-6690, DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2024.120325.
Full text not available from this repository.Abstract
Low structural integrity in hydrophilic polymers poses a significant challenge for bone tissue engineering (BTE) as these scaffolds are prone to premature collapse, potentially impeding bone regeneration. Additionally, there is a scarcity of research on sustainable approaches in bone scaffold fabrication, warranting further exploration given their biocompatibility. This study addresses these issues by fabricating water-stable, glutaraldehyde (GA) crosslinked soy protein isolate (SPI)/carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) porous scaffolds using oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) waste as the starting material. The scaffolds were prepared through blending, crosslinking, and freeze-drying processes, followed by several characterisation experiments to assess morphology, porosity, mechanical properties, and degradation rate. The results showed that the SPI/CMC scaffolds exhibited a rough surface morphology with an average pore size ranging from 65 +/- 13 mu m to 99 +/- 8 mu m. The porosity of the SPI/ CMC-based scaffolds was higher than that of the SPI-based scaffolds, though the increased porosity led to a lower Young's modulus. A decrease in Young's modulus was observed with increasing CMC content, attributed to the inefficiency of SPI-GA crosslinking. The scaffolds demonstrated a slow degradation profile over 35 days of incubation in simulated body fluid (SBF), indicating their potential to retain structural integrity over extended periods. Additionally, a fluctuating weight change due to calcium phosphate deposition suggested the bioactive properties of the scaffolds. In vitro studies revealed that these waste-derived scaffolds supported and maintained cellular proliferation of human fetal osteoblast (hFOB) cells, with good cell attachment observed, highlighting their potential for BTE applications. This study demonstrates that the SPI/CMC scaffold with GA crosslinking effectively provides structural stability in aqueous environments and can be further improved as one of the potential candidates for the BTE scaffold.
| Item Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| Funders: | Universiti Malaya Impact Oriented Inter-disciplinary Research Grant (IIRG) Programme (IIRG001A-2021IISS) |
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | Bone tissue engineering; Carboxymethyl cellulose; Glutaraldehyde; Oil palm empty fruit bunch; Soy protein isolate; Structural integrity |
| Subjects: | T Technology > T Technology (General) |
| Divisions: | Faculty of Engineering Faculty of Engineering > Biomedical Engineering Department Faculty of Engineering > Department of Chemical Engineering |
| Depositing User: | Ms. Juhaida Abd Rahim |
| Date Deposited: | 12 Mar 2025 05:35 |
| Last Modified: | 12 Mar 2025 05:35 |
| URI: | http://eprints.um.edu.my/id/eprint/47784 |
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