Wodniak, Natalie and Gharpure, Radhika and Feng, Luzhao and Lai, Xiaozhan and Fang, Hai and Tian, Jianmei and Zhang, Tao and Zhao, Genming and Salcedo-Mejia, Fernando and Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J. and Jara, Jorge and Dawood, Fatimah and Emukule, Gideon O. and Ndegwa, Linus K. and Sam, I-Ching and Mend, Tsogt and Jantsansengee, Baigalmaa and Tempia, Stefano and Cohen, Cheryl and Walaza, Sibongile and Kittikraisak, Wanitchaya and Riewpaiboon, Arthorn and Lafond, Kathryn E. and Mejia, Nelly and Davis, William W. (2025) Costs of Influenza Illness and Acute Respiratory Infections by Household Income Level: Catastrophic Health Expenditures and Implications for Health Equity. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, 19 (1). e70059. ISSN 1750-2640, DOI https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70059.
Full text not available from this repository.Abstract
BackgroundSeasonal influenza illness and acute respiratory infections can impose a substantial economic burden in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We assessed the cost of influenza illness and acute respiratory infections across household income strata.MethodsWe conducted a secondary analysis of data from a prior systematic review of costs of influenza and other respiratory illnesses in LMICs and contacted authors to obtain data on cost of illness (COI) for laboratory-confirmed influenza-like illness and acute respiratory infection. We calculated the COI by household income strata and calculated the out-of-pocket (OOP) cost as a proportion of household income.ResultsWe included 11 studies representing 11 LMICs. OOP expenses, as a proportion of annual household income, were highest among the lowest income quintile in 10 of 11 studies: in 4/4 studies among the general population, in 6/7 studies among children, 2/2 studies among older adults, and in the sole study for adults with chronic medical conditions. COI was generally higher for hospitalizations compared with outpatient illnesses; median OOP costs for hospitalizations exceeded 10% of annual household income among the general population and children in Kenya, as well as for older adults and adults with chronic medical conditions in China.ConclusionsThe findings indicate that influenza and acute respiratory infections pose a considerable economic burden, particularly from hospitalizations, on the lowest income households in LMICs. Future evaluations could investigate specific drivers of COI in low-income household and identify interventions that may address these, including exploring household coping mechanisms. Cost-effectiveness analyses could incorporate health inequity analyses, in pursuit of health equity.
| Item Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| Funders: | United States Department of Health & Human Services Centers for Disease Control & Prevention - USA |
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | influenza; cost of illness; health equity; catastrophic health expenditure; acute respiratory infection; household income |
| Subjects: | R Medicine > R Medicine (General) |
| Divisions: | Faculty of Medicine > Medical Microbiology Department |
| Depositing User: | Ms. Juhaida Abd Rahim |
| Date Deposited: | 13 Mar 2025 02:15 |
| Last Modified: | 13 Mar 2025 02:15 |
| URI: | http://eprints.um.edu.my/id/eprint/47768 |
Actions (login required)
 |
View Item |
