Haakenstad, Annie and Irvine, Caleb Mackay Salpeter and Knight, Megan and Bintz, Corinne and Aravkin, Aleksandr Y. and Zheng, Peng and Gupta, Vin and Abrigo, Michael R. M. and Abushouk, Abdelrahman and Adebayo, Oladimeji M. and Agarwal, Gina and Alahdab, Fares and Al-Aly, Ziyad and Alam, Khurshid and Alanzi, Turki M. and Alcalde-Rabanal, Jacqueline Elizabeth and Alipour, Vahid and Alvis-Guzman, Nelson and Amit, Arianna Maever L. and Liliana Andrei, Catalina and Andrei, Tudorel and Antonio, Carl Abelardo T. and Arabloo, Jalal and Aremu, Olatunde and Ayanore, Martin Amogre and Banach, Maciej and Barnighausen, Till Winfried and Barthelemy, Celine M. and Bayati, Mohsen and Benzian, Habib and Berman, Adam E. and Bienhoff, Kelly and Bijani, Ali and Bikbov, Boris and Biondi, Antonio and Boloor, Archith and Busse, Reinhard and Butt, Zahid A. and Camera, Luis Alberto and Campos-Nonato, Ismael R. and Cardenas, Rosario and Carvalho, Felix and Chansa, Collins and Chattu, Soosanna Kumary and Chattu, Vijay Kumar and Chu, Dinh-Toi and Dai, Xiaochen and Dandona, Lalit and Dandona, Rakhi and Dangel, William James and Daryani, Ahmad and De Neve, Jan-Walter and Dhimal, Meghnath and Dipeolu, Isaac Oluwafemi and Djalalinia, Shirin and Do, Hoa Thi and Doshi, Chirag P. and Doshmangir, Leila and Ehsani-Chimeh, Elham and El Tantawi, Maha and Fernandes, Eduarda and Fischer, Florian and Foigt, Nataliya A. and Fomenkov, Artem Alekseevich and Foroutan, Masoud and Fukumoto, Takeshi and Fullman, Nancy and Gad, Mohamed M. and Ghadiri, Keyghobad and Ghafourifard, Mansour and Ghashghaee, Ahmad and Glucksman, Thomas and Goudarzi, Houman and Das Gupta, Rajat and Hamadeh, Randah R. and Hamidi, Samer and Haro, Josep Maria and Hasanpoor, Edris and Hay, Simon and Hegazy, Mohamed and Heibati, Behzad and Henry, Nathaniel J. and Hole, Michael K. and Hossain, Naznin and Househ, Mowafa and Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen and Imani-Nasab, Mohammad-Hasan and Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi and Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful and Jahani, Mohammad Ali and Joshi, Ankur and Kalhor, Rohollah and Kayode, Gbenga A. and Khalid, Nauman and Khatab, Khaled and Kisa, Adnan and Kochhar, Sonali and Krishan, Kewal and Defo, Barthelemy Kuate and Lal, Dharmesh Kumar and Lami, Faris Hasan and Larsson, Anders O. and Leasher, Janet L. and LeGrand, Kate E. and Lim, Lee-Ling and Mahotra, Narayan B. and Majeed, Azeem and Maleki, Afshin and Manjunatha, Narayana and Massenburg, Benjamin Ballard and Mestrovic, Tomislav and Mini, G. K. and Mirica, Andreea and Mirrakhimov, Erkin M. and Mohammad, Yousef and Mohammed, Shafiu and Mokdad, Ali H. and Morrison, Shane Douglas and Naghavi, Mohsen and Ndwandwe, Duduzile Edith and Negoi, Ionut and Negoi, Ruxandra Irina and Ngunjiri, Josephine W. and Nguyen, Cuong Tat and Nigatu, Yeshambel T. and Onwujekwe, Obinna E. and Ortega-Altamirano, Doris and Otstavnov, Nikita and Otstavnov, Stanislav S. and Owolabi, Mayowa O. and Pakhare, Abhijit P. and Filipino Pepito, Veincent Christian and Perico, Norberto and Pham, Hai Quang and Pigott, David M. and Pokhrel, Khem Narayan and Rabiee, Mohammad and Rabiee, Navid and Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa and Rawaf, David Laith and Rawaf, Salman and Rawal, Lal and Remuzzi, Giuseppe and Renzaho, Andre M. N. and Resnikoff, Serge and Rezaei, Nima and Rezapour, Aziz and Rickard, Jennifer and Roever, Leonardo and Sahu, Maitreyi and Samy, Abdallah M. and Sanabria, Juan and Santric-Milicevic, Milena M. and Saraswathy, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer and Seedat, Soraya and Senthilkumaran, Subramanian and Servan-Mori, Edson and Shaikh, Masood Ali and Sheikh, Aziz and Silva, Diego Augusto Santos and Stein, Caroline and Stein, Dan J. and Titova, Mariya Vladimirovna and Topp, Stephanie M. and Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto and Ullah, Saif and Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran and Vacante, Marco and Valdez, Pascual R. and Vasankari, Tommi Juhani and Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy and Vlassov, Vasily and Vos, Theo and Yearwood, Jamal Akeem and Yonemoto, Naohiro and Younis, Mustafa Z. and Yu, Chuanhua and Zadey, Siddhesh and Bin Zaman, Sojib and Zerfu, Taddese Alemu and Zhang, Zhi-Jiang and Ziapour, Arash and Zodpey, Sanjay and Lim, Stephen S. and Murray, Christopher J. L. and Lozano, Rafael (2022) Measuring the availability of human resources for health and its relationship to universal health coverage for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet, 399 (10341). pp. 2129-2154. ISSN 0140-6736, DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00532-3.
Full text not available from this repository.Abstract
Background Human resources for health (HRH) include a range of occupations that aim to promote or improve human health. The UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the WHO Health Workforce 2030 strategy have drawn attention to the importance of HRH for achieving policy priorities such as universal health coverage (UHC). Although previous research has found substantial global disparities in HRH, the absence of comparable crossnational estimates of existing workforces has hindered efforts to quantify workforce requirements to meet health system goals. We aimed to use comparable and standardised data sources to estimate HRH densities globally, and to examine the relationship between a subset of HRH cadres and UHC effective coverage performance. Methods Through the International Labour Organization and Global Health Data Exchange databases, we identified 1404 country-years of data from labour force surveys and 69 country-years of census data, with detailed microdata on health-related employment. From the WHO National Health Workforce Accounts, we identified 2950 country-years of data. We mapped data from all occupational coding systems to the International Standard Classification of Occupations 1988 (ISCO-88), allowing for standardised estimation of densities for 16 categories of health workers across the full time series. Using data from 1990 to 2019 for 196 of 204 countries and territories, covering seven Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) super-regions and 21 regions, we applied spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST- GPR) to model HRH densities from 1990 to 2019 for all countries and territories. We used stochastic frontier meta-regression to model the relationship between the UHC effective coverage index and densities for the four categories of health workers enumerated in SDG indicator 3.c. 1 pertaining to HRH: physicians, nurses and midwives, dentistry personnel, and pharmaceutical personnel. We identified minimum workforce density thresholds required to meet a specified target of 80 out of 100 on the UHC effective coverage index, and quantified national shortages with respect to those minimum thresholds. Findings We estimated that, in 2019, the world had 104.0 million (95% uncertainty interval 83.5-128.0) health workers, including 12.8 million (9.7-16.6) physicians, 29.8 million (23.3-37.7) nurses and midwives, 4.6 million (3.6-6.0) dentistry personnel, and 5.2 million (4.0-6.7) pharmaceutical personnel. We calculated a global physician density of 16.7 (12.6-21.6) per 10 000 population, and a nurse and midwife density of 38.6 (30.1-48.8) per 10 000 population. We found the GBD super-regions of sub-Saharan Africa, south Asia, and north Africa and the Middle East had the lowest HRH densities. To reach 80 out of 100 on the UHC effective coverage index, we estimated that, per 10 000 population, at least 20.7 physicians, 70.6 nurses and midwives, 8.2 dentistry personnel, and 9.4 pharmaceutical personnel would be needed. In total, the 2019 national health workforces fell short of these minimum thresholds by 6.4 million physicians, 30.6 million nurses and midwives, 3.3 million dentistry personnel, and 2.9 million pharmaceutical personnel. Interpretation Considerable expansion of the world's health workforce is needed to achieve high levels of UHC effective coverage. The largest shortages are in low-income settings, highlighting the need for increased financing and coordination to train, employ, and retain human resources in the health sector. Actual HRH shortages might be larger than estimated because minimum thresholds for each cadre of health workers are benchmarked on health systems that most efficiently translate human resources into UHC attainment. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
| Item Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| Funders: | UNSPECIFIED |
| Subjects: | R Medicine > R Medicine (General) |
| Divisions: | Faculty of Medicine > Medicine Department |
| Depositing User: | Ms. Juhaida Abd Rahim |
| Date Deposited: | 17 Jan 2025 07:18 |
| Last Modified: | 17 Jan 2025 07:18 |
| URI: | http://eprints.um.edu.my/id/eprint/41704 |
Actions (login required)
 |
View Item |
