Ng, Brandon Ywe Soong and Ong, Hwai Chyuan and Lau, Harrison Lik Nang and Ishak, Nor Shafizah and Elfasakhany, Ashraf and Lee, Hwei Voon (2022) Production of sustainable two-stroke engine biolubricant ester base oil from palm fatty acid distillate. Industrial Crops and Products, 175. ISSN 0926-6690, DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.114224.
Full text not available from this repository.Abstract
In this study, palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) was selected as the feedstock for biolubricant base oil production in two-stroke engine oils' formulation. PFAD is a low-cost palm refinery by-product with a high free fatty acid (FFA) content (85%). The esterification of PFAD with neopentyl glycol (NPG) was conducted in the presence of a solid acid catalyst (SO42-/Fe2O3/Al2O3) to produce PFAD-NPG ester. Optimization profile indicated that PFAD conversion and PFAD-NPG ester yield were 84% and 82%, respectively, under optimum reaction conditions of 180 degrees C, 4 h, 2.0 wt% SO42-/Fe2O3/Al2O3 catalyst loading and a 2:1 PFAD to NPG molar ratio. The physicochemical properties of the base oil successfully comply with the Japanese Automotive Standards Organization (JASO) M345:2018 requirements for two-stroke oils in terms of sulfated ash content, kinematic viscosity at 100 degrees C and flash point. In addition, reusability of solid acid catalyst, SO42-/Fe2O3/Al2O3 was investigated, where PFAD conversion and PFAD-NPG ester yield were found to be excellent at 81% and 80%, respectively, which showed that the catalyst had good consistency after 5 cycles.
| Item Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| Funders: | University of Malaya's Grand Challenge grant [Grant No: GC001B-14AET], SATU Joint Research Scheme RU Grants [Grant No: ST026-2021], Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia [Grant No: TURSP-2020/40] |
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | Biolubricant; Two-stroke oil; Solid acid catalyst; Esterification; Neopentyl glycol; Polyol ester |
| Subjects: | S Agriculture > S Agriculture (General) |
| Divisions: | Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre |
| Depositing User: | Ms. Juhaida Abd Rahim |
| Date Deposited: | 19 Jul 2022 11:11 |
| Last Modified: | 19 Jul 2022 11:11 |
| URI: | http://eprints.um.edu.my/id/eprint/33698 |
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