Sukiran, Mohamad Azri and Daud, Wan Mohd Ashri Wan and Abnisa, Faisal and Nasrin, Abu Bakar and Aziz, Astimar Abdul and Loh, Soh Kheang (2021) A comprehensive study on torrefaction of empty fruit bunches: Characterization of solid, liquid and gas products. Energy, 230. ISSN 0360-5442, DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.120877.
Full text not available from this repository.Abstract
Empty fruit bunches (EFB), after fruits-bunches separation, are highly potential as an energy source. However, due to some inherited inferior fuel properties such as bulk density, hydrophobicity, moisture content and calorific value (CV), pretreatment is required before EFB can be utilized as a solid fuel. Torrefaction is promising to upgrade EFB fuel properties, and thorough products characterization is essential to reveal process mechanism and potential application. In this study, the effects of temperature (225-300 degrees C) and retention time (20-60 min) on EFB torrefaction were investigated in a fixed bed reactor. While an increased temperature and retention time had led to a lower energy and mass of solid yields, the liquid and gaseous yields showed otherwise. The oppositely reduced O (37%) and increased C (45%) contents of torrefied EFB with increasing temperature, and the resulting decrease in O/C ratio, and H and O contents, had greatly improved the CV of the torrefied solid up to 46% compared to its raw form. In addition, the chlorine content was significantly reduced (21-54%) after torrefaction. Both the raw and torrefied solid EFB showed a strong thermal degradation of hemicellulose with lower decomposition rate of the latter due to mass depletion during torrefaction. Oxygen removal from EFB during torrefaction migrated to the liquid and gaseous products, most dominant as water and CO2, followed by CO and oxygen-containing organic compounds. The liquid product consisted of condensable components; water (main) and functionalised compounds, among which were acids (as relatively higher concentration), furans, ketones, alcohols and phenols. The gaseous product was dominated by CO2 and CO in all torrefaction conditions. The findings contribute partly as biomass resource database for future bioenergy upscaling and deployment. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
| Item Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| Funders: | UNSPECIFIED |
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | Torrefaction; Oil palm biomass; Solid fuel; Liquid fuel; Gaseous fuel; Deoxygenation |
| Subjects: | T Technology > TP Chemical technology |
| Divisions: | Faculty of Engineering > Department of Chemical Engineering |
| Depositing User: | Ms Zaharah Ramly |
| Date Deposited: | 20 Jul 2022 01:59 |
| Last Modified: | 20 Jul 2022 01:59 |
| URI: | http://eprints.um.edu.my/id/eprint/28188 |
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